Longer in Europe, Raising Allergy Risks

Pollen seasons across Europe are starting earlier and lasting longer, increasing allergy risks for millions. Experts say small daily habits can help reduce exposure.

(EUROPE) – Allergy season in Europe is becoming longer and more intense, with scientists warning that climate change and pollution are driving a steady rise in pollen levels.

As temperatures increase and spring arrives earlier each year, trees and plants are releasing pollen sooner—and for longer periods—triggering allergic reactions in millions of people.

How Pollen Triggers Allergies

Pollen allergies occur when tiny airborne particles come into contact with the respiratory system or eyes. The immune system reacts by releasing histamine, leading to inflammation, runny nose, watery eyes, and irritation.

Each year, different plants release pollen in cycles. Trees such as hazel and alder begin early in the season, followed by birch, ash, and oak in spring, while grasses dominate in summer.

Climate Change Is Extending Pollen Seasons

According to Astha Tiwari, a scientist at Belgium’s public health institute Sciensano, pollen seasons are becoming longer, starting earlier, and reaching higher intensity levels.

“Over the past decade, we have observed that pollen seasons are extending, beginning earlier, and increasing in concentration,” Tiwari told Euronews Health.

Warmer temperatures allow plants to flower earlier, while rising carbon dioxide levels promote plant growth—leading to increased pollen production.

A long-term study analyzing 30 to 44 years of pollen data across Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg found a clear trend: earlier starts and higher peak pollen levels for many tree species.

Pollution Makes Pollen More Aggressive

Air pollution is also playing a major role.

Scientists have found that pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter can chemically alter pollen, making it more allergenic and aggressive.

This creates a cycle where pollution increases sensitivity to pollen, and prolonged exposure further strengthens allergic reactions over time.

Allergy Rates Are Rising

Pollen allergies are already widespread in Europe, affecting an estimated 40% of the population. The rate is even higher in urban areas due to pollution and lifestyle factors.

Researchers from the University of East Anglia warn that ragweed-related hay fever cases could double by 2050, rising from 33 million to 77 million people.

Longer exposure to allergens increases sensitivity, meaning more people are likely to develop symptoms in the future.

Simple Ways to Reduce Exposure

Despite rising risks, experts say small daily habits can significantly reduce exposure to pollen.

Keeping windows closed during high pollen periods is one of the most effective steps. Ventilating homes early in the morning or in the evening—when pollen levels are lower—can help.

Showering and changing clothes after spending time outdoors reduces the amount of pollen brought inside. Drying laundry indoors instead of outside can also limit exposure.

Wearing sunglasses outdoors can protect the eyes, while using daily disposable contact lenses instead of reusable ones may reduce irritation.

Coastal areas, where sea breezes reduce airborne pollen levels, may also be a better environment for people with severe allergies.